淺析develop一詞的翻譯
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英語(yǔ)中的develop和漢語(yǔ)中的“發(fā)展”都是使用頻率很高的詞匯，無(wú)論在英文書報(bào)雜志或我國(guó)的大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教材中都屢見(jiàn)不鮮。因?yàn)槭煜�，在翻譯中常將兩詞對(duì)譯。將develop一詞譯成“發(fā)展”是不準(zhǔn)確的，這兩個(gè)詞在語(yǔ)義上能夠?qū)?yīng)起來(lái)的情況是很少的。本文通過(guò)develop的大量譯例，討論如何根據(jù)語(yǔ)言環(huán)境和搭配關(guān)系選擇詞義的問(wèn)題。
論文關(guān)鍵詞：詞義,語(yǔ)言環(huán)境,搭配關(guān)系
一、develop用于描述事物從無(wú)到有的過(guò)程，這時(shí)，不僅可以譯成漢語(yǔ)的“發(fā)展”根據(jù)其develop的結(jié)果可分為兩類：
(一). 從無(wú)到某種較好的狀態(tài)（from nothing to something good）根據(jù)具體情況可譯成以下幾種：
1．開(kāi)發(fā)或開(kāi)辟、研制、想出（new idea or product）
The company develops and markets new software.（麥克米倫英漢雙解詞典，一下簡(jiǎn)稱MECD） 這個(gè)公司開(kāi)發(fā)并銷售新軟件。
Richard Lewis at the University of California developed a safer form of the drug. It can be put directly into eye.
加利福尼亞大學(xué)的理查德.劉易斯研制了一種較安全的藥物，可以直接放入眼內(nèi)。
Early humans developed a way to use the moon’s changing faces to tell time. 古代人想出了（學(xué)會(huì)了）利用月亮的圓缺來(lái)判斷時(shí)間的方法。
2．開(kāi)發(fā)利用;開(kāi)墾（荒地）;準(zhǔn)備開(kāi)采（礦藏）
The site is being developed by a French company.（MECD）
這塊地正由一家法國(guó)公司開(kāi)發(fā)利用。
They developed several large tracts on the edge of town.(英漢辭海，一下簡(jiǎn)稱YCWO) 他們?cè)诔鞘械倪吘夐_(kāi)墾了幾片土地。
Several attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit, although a fairly complicated wet beneficiation process is needed to allow separation of the clay.
雖然分離這種粘土需要相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的濕選工藝，但這些年來(lái)還是進(jìn)行了某些嘗試以開(kāi)采這個(gè)礦床。
3．開(kāi)始有（感覺(jué)、習(xí)慣、興趣、關(guān)系）等
She developed a taste for champagne while she was in France.（MECD）
她在法國(guó)的時(shí)候開(kāi)始喜歡上了香檳酒。
4．掌握、獲得（skills）
In the broadest sense, education refers to any process by which an individual gains knowledge or develops skills.
最廣義地說(shuō)，教育就是指一個(gè)人獲得知識(shí)或掌握技能的過(guò)程。
5．推導(dǎo)（公式） From this formula the data in figure 3 has been developed. 圖3中的數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)根據(jù)這一公式推導(dǎo)出來(lái)的。
6．繪制（圖形、曲線等）
The computer, using the data from tests, can develop curves such as those of Figure 4. 這種計(jì)算機(jī)可以利用試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)繪制出圖4所示的那些曲線。
7．培養(yǎng)或提高 To develop the student ability to undertake the experimental procedure is one of the important tasks of teachers.
培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)芰δ耸抢蠋煹闹匾蝿?wù)之一。
8．譯為“樹(shù)立”或“端正” Most people settle down very quickly to enjoy the summer school atmosphere, forget about being nervous and develop a very positive attitude toward their studies. 大多數(shù)人都很快地安頓下來(lái)享受夏日學(xué)校的宜人氛圍，忘記了緊張，樹(shù)立起積極的學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度。
9．產(chǎn)生、問(wèn)世 With the development of distance learning, when you study at home with radio and TV program to help you and send written work by post to your tutor, the idea of summer school has also developed.
隨著遠(yuǎn)距離教育的發(fā)展，人們可以在家中利用廣播和電視節(jié)目學(xué)習(xí)并把作業(yè)郵寄給老師，這時(shí)，舉辦夏日學(xué)校的想法也就產(chǎn)生了。
10．撰寫 Your course has been designed and developed at the headquarters in Beijing by a few experienced trained teachers and material writers over a period of years. 一些經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富，訓(xùn)練有素的教師和輔導(dǎo)材料編寫人員歷經(jīng)數(shù)年在北京總部設(shè)計(jì)并撰寫了你們的教材。
11．創(chuàng)建、制作、創(chuàng)立 Both Leibniz and Newton had independently developed a branch of mathematics called calculus, which underlies most of modern physics. 萊布尼茨和牛頓兩人都獨(dú)自創(chuàng)建了微積分這一數(shù)學(xué)分支，從而為大部分現(xiàn)代物理學(xué)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
12．探索 Scientists are trying to develop a method to freeze the cells that produce insulin. 科學(xué)家們正在努力探索一種方法以冷卻那些制造胰島素的細(xì)胞。
13．養(yǎng)成（習(xí)慣）When I talked with him I found that from childhood he had developed the habit of carrying a little book in his pocket.
跟他談話時(shí)我發(fā)現(xiàn)他從小就養(yǎng)成了在衣袋里放一本小書的習(xí)慣。
�。ǘ�. 從無(wú)到某種不好的狀態(tài)（from nothing to nothing bad）
1．患、染上(疾病)、出現(xiàn)（癥狀） Her son developed asthma when he was two. 她的兒子兩歲時(shí)患了哮喘。
Some people developed symptoms of consumption.有些人出現(xiàn)了肺結(jié)核癥狀。
2．存在、出現(xiàn)（問(wèn)題）The car developed engine trouble and we had to stop.汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)出了故障，我們只好停下來(lái)。
3.暴露It developed that he had another wife living and his indictment for bigamy followed. 他另有妻室一事已經(jīng)暴露，隨之他被指控犯有重婚罪。
4.由……引起Lung fever develops from flu.肺炎是由流行性感冒引起的。
二、develop用于描述事物由小到大、由簡(jiǎn)單到復(fù)雜、由低級(jí)到高級(jí)的變化(from something good to something better)這種譯法有時(shí)可譯成漢語(yǔ)的“發(fā)展”
�。ㄒ唬�.發(fā)展、壯大（grow biggerstronger）The place has rapidly developed from a small fishing community into a thriving tourist resort.這地方由原來(lái)的小漁村迅速發(fā)展成一繁榮旅游勝地。
（二）.使活躍、是增進(jìn)、使發(fā)達(dá)He developed his muscles by exercise, his mind by reading and study.做運(yùn)動(dòng)以使肌肉發(fā)達(dá)，閱讀和學(xué)習(xí)以使智力發(fā)達(dá)。
�。ㄈ�.進(jìn)化、發(fā)育(成熟） Birds are believed to have developed from reptiles.據(jù)認(rèn)為，鳥(niǎo)是由爬行動(dòng)物進(jìn)化而來(lái)的。
�。ㄋ模炀�、有益于（healthody）Fresh air and exercise develop healthy bodies.新鮮空氣和運(yùn)動(dòng)造就了健康的肌體。（……有益于健康、……增進(jìn)了健康）
�。ㄎ澹�.改進(jìn)、改善 Thomas Edison developed the telephone invented by Bell, an American. 托馬斯.愛(ài)迪生改進(jìn)了美國(guó)人貝爾發(fā)明的電話。
�。�.充實(shí) The commander merely wanted supplies and equipments to develop fighting divisions. 這位指揮員只想得到補(bǔ)給與裝備，以充實(shí)作戰(zhàn)部隊(duì)。
三、develop用于描述事物由壞到更糟糕的變化(from something bad to something worse)此類用法完全不能使用漢語(yǔ)的“發(fā)展”來(lái)翻譯，主要可以譯成以下幾類：
（一）.加劇、加重（become serious）A crisis was developing rapidly in the Gulf. 海灣危機(jī)迅速加劇。
�。ǘ�.演變、愈演愈烈 Scientists say this fits in well with the way human cancer develops.科學(xué)家們說(shuō)，這種情況和人類癌癥的演變方式是相當(dāng)一致的。
（三）.蔓延The most important among them is the new attitude toward divorce that is developing in the country.
其中最重要的是對(duì)待離婚的一種新的看法，這種看法正在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)蔓延。
四、develop用于描述事物由不清晰到清晰的變化(from something not clear to something clear)視具體情況可以譯成：
（一）.闡明、闡述（expound、explain）She develops the theme more fully in her later books. 她在后來(lái)寫的書中更詳盡地闡明了這個(gè)主題。
（二）.顯影、沖�。╬hotographs）After the film is developed, the sound track will be light or dark according to whether the original sound was weak or aloud. 由于原始聲音有強(qiáng)有弱，所以軟片顯影后聲帶也有明有暗。
�。ㄈ�.展開(kāi)、揭示（become clear）The plot develops further in the second episode. 劇情在第二集進(jìn)一步展開(kāi).
在以上大量譯例中，同一個(gè)develop竟然譯成了上百個(gè)各不相同的詞義，那么，為什么會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種情況呢？因?yàn)檫@里牽涉到根據(jù)語(yǔ)言環(huán)境和搭配關(guān)系選擇詞義的問(wèn)題。就詞義而言，英語(yǔ)的詞義比較靈活，涵義范圍較寬，詞義往往取決于上下文的搭配關(guān)系和具體的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境；漢語(yǔ)的詞義比較固定，涵義范圍較窄，詞義對(duì)山下文的依賴性相對(duì)較小。在翻譯過(guò)程中，我們切不可忽視具體的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境和搭配習(xí)慣而機(jī)械照搬原文的表面詞義，否則就會(huì)使譯文生澀，甚至于原文相比面目全非。
參考文獻(xiàn)：
[1]The English-Chinese Word Ocean(ECWO).英漢辭海（上）.
[2]MACMILIAN English-Chinese DICTIONARY(MECD).麥克米倫英漢雙解詞典.
[3]王泉水、崔英.從develop的譯法談起（上）（下）.中國(guó)科技翻譯.
[4]王穎.談develop一詞的翻譯.鞍山鋼鐵學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào).
[5]鄧賢貴.科技英語(yǔ)中develop及其派生詞的漢譯. 西安外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào).
